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Works Cited

The following is a list of works cited in Charging Forward: A Toolkit for Planning and Funding Urban Electric Mobility Infrastructure (the Urban E-Mobility Toolkit):

AAA (2022). "Annual Cost of New Car Ownership Crosses $10K Mark."  <https://media.acg.aaa.com/aaa-annual-cost-new-car-ownership-crosses-10k-mark-1.htm> 

Aamodt, A., Cory, K., & Coney, K. (2021). "Electrifying Transit: A Guidebook for Implementing Battery Electric Buses." National Renewable Energy Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy. <https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy21osti/76932.pdf> 

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Advanced Energy (2014). "Accessibility for Public Charging Stations."  <https://pluginnc.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/12-PEV_Planning_Toolbox_Accessibility.pdf> 

Agenbroad, J. (2014). "Pulling Back the Veil on EV Charging Station Costs."  <https://rmi.org/pulling-back-veil-ev-charging-station-costs/> 

Alternative Fuel Toolkit (n.d.). "Designing Partnerships for Corridor Development: Stakeholder Roles and Responsibilities."  <https://altfueltoolkit.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Designing-Partnerships-for-Alt-Fuel-Corridors_Final-Matrix.pdf> 

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Alternative Fuels Data Center (2017). "Electric Vehicles Charge up at State Parks in West Virginia." Vehicle Technologies Office, U.S. Department of Energy. <https://afdc.energy.gov/case/3009> 

Alternative Fuels Data Center (2022). "Average Range and Efficiency of U.S. All-Electric Vehicles." Vehicle Technologies Office, U.S. Department of Energy. <https://afdc.energy.gov/data/10963> 

Alternative Fuels Data Center (2023). "Light-Duty AFV, HEV, and Diesel Model Offerings, by Technology/Fuel." Vehicle Technologies Office, U.S. Department of Energy. <https://afdc.energy.gov/data/10303> 

Alternative Fuels Data Center (n.d.). "Alternative Fuel and Advanced Vehicle Search." Vehicle Technologies Office, U.S. Department of Energy. <https://afdc.energy.gov/vehicles/search/> 

Alternative Fuels Data Center (n.d.). "Alternative Fuel Infrastructure Tax Credit." Vehicle Technologies Office, U.S. Department of Energy. <https://afdc.energy.gov/laws/10513> 

Alternative Fuels Data Center (n.d.). "Charging Electric Vehicles at Home." Vehicle Technologies Office, U.S. Department of Energy. <https://afdc.energy.gov/fuels/electricity_charging_home.html> 

Alternative Fuels Data Center (n.d.). "Charging Electric Vehicles at Home." Vehicle Technologies Office, U.S. Department of Energy. <https://afdc.energy.gov/fuels/electricity_charging_home.html> 

Alternative Fuels Data Center (n.d.). "Charging Electric Vehicles in Public." Vehicle Technologies Office, U.S. Department of Energy. <https://afdc.energy.gov/fuels/electricity_charging_public.html> 

Alternative Fuels Data Center (n.d.). "Charging Infrastructure Operations and Maintenance." Vehicle Technologies Office, U.S. Department of Energy. <https://afdc.energy.gov/fuels/electricity_infrastructure_maintenance_and_operation.html> 

Alternative Fuels Data Center (n.d.). "Charging Infrastructure Procurement and Installation." Vehicle Technologies Office, U.S. Department of Energy. <https://afdc.energy.gov/fuels/electricity_infrastructure_development.html> 

Alternative Fuels Data Center (n.d.). "Developing Infrastructure to Charge Electric Vehicles." Vehicle Technologies Office, U.S. Department of Energy. <https://afdc.energy.gov/fuels/electricity_infrastructure.html> 

Alternative Fuels Data Center (n.d.). "Electric Vehicle Benefits and Considerations." Vehicle Technologies Office, U.S. Department of Energy. <https://afdc.energy.gov/fuels/electricity_benefits.html> 

Alternative Fuels Data Center (n.d.). "Electric Vehicle Charging for Multifamily Housing." Vehicle Technologies Office, U.S. Department of Energy. <https://afdc.energy.gov/fuels/electricity_charging_multi.html> 

Alternative Fuels Data Center (n.d.). "Electric Vehicle Charging Station Locations." Vehicle Technologies Office, U.S. Department of Energy. <https://afdc.energy.gov/fuels/electricity_locations.html#/find/nearest?fuel=ELEC> 

Alternative Fuels Data Center (n.d.). "Electric Vehicle Infrastructure Projection Tool (EVI-Pro) Lite." Vehicle Technologies Office, U.S. Department of Energy. <https://afdc.energy.gov/evi-pro-lite> 

Alternative Fuels Data Center (n.d.). "Electric Vehicle Readiness." Vehicle Technologies Office, U.S. Department of Energy. <https://afdc.energy.gov/pev-readiness.html> 

Alternative Fuels Data Center (n.d.). "Examples of Utility-Related Laws and Incentives." Vehicle Technologies Office, U.S. Department of Energy. <https://afdc.energy.gov/laws/utility-examples> 

Alternative Fuels Data Center (n.d.). "Federal and State Laws and Incentives." Vehicle Technologies Office, U.S. Department of Energy. <https://afdc.energy.gov/laws> 

Alternative Fuels Data Center (n.d.). "Glossary." Vehicle Technologies Office, U.S. Department of Energy. <https://afdc.energy.gov/glossary.html> 

Alternative Fuels Data Center (n.d.). "Maintenance and Safety of Electric Vehicles." Vehicle Technologies Office, U.S. Department of Energy. <https://afdc.energy.gov/vehicles/electric_maintenance.html> 

Alternative Fuels Data Center (n.d.). "Public Utility Definition." Vehicle Technologies Office, U.S. Department of Energy. <https://afdc.energy.gov/laws/9214> 

Alternative Fuels Data Center (n.d.). "Search Federal and State Laws and Incentives." Vehicle Technologies Office, U.S. Department of Energy. <https://afdc.energy.gov/laws/search > 

Alternative Fuels Data Center (n.d.). "Signage for Electric Vehicle Charging Stations." Vehicle Technologies Office, U.S. Department of Energy. <https://afdc.energy.gov/fuels/electricity_charging_station_signage.html> 

Alternative Fuels Data Center (n.d.). "State Information." Vehicle Technologies Office, U.S. Department of Energy. <https://afdc.energy.gov/states/> 

Alternative Fuels Data Center (n.d.). "State Laws and Incentives." Vehicle Technologies Office, U.S. Department of Energy. <https://afdc.energy.gov/laws/state> 

Alternative Fuels Data Center (n.d.). "Vehicle Weight Classes & Categories." Vehicle Technologies Office, U.S. Department of Energy. <https://afdc.energy.gov/data/10380> 

Alternative Fuels Data Center (n.d.). "Workplace Charging for Electric Vehicles." Vehicle Technologies Office, U.S. Department of Energy. <https://afdc.energy.gov/fuels/electricity_charging_workplace.html> 

Alternative Fuels Data Center (). "Alternative Fueling Station Locator." Vehicle Technologies Office, U.S. Department of Energy. <https://afdc.energy.gov/stations/#/find/nearest> 

Alternative Fuels Data Center (). "Emissions from Electric Vehicles." Vehicle Technologies Office, U.S. Department of Energy. <https://afdc.energy.gov/vehicles/electric_emissions.html> 

Ambion, H. (2022). "City Light & King County Announce Opening of New Electric Bus Charging Base."  <https://powerlines.seattle.gov/2022/03/30/city-light-king-county-announce-opening-of-new-electric-bus-charging-base/> 

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American Lung Association (2022). "Zeroing in on Healthy Air."  <https://www.lung.org/clean-air/electric-vehicle-report> 

American Public Power Association (n.d.). "Electric Vehicles."  <https://www.publicpower.org/topic/electric-vehicles> 

Argonne National Laboratory (). "Evolution Education on E-Drive Vehicles."  <https://evolution.es.anl.gov/> 

Argonne National Laboratory (2019). “Modeling the Performance and Cost of Lithium-Ion Batteries for Electric-Drive Vehicles, Third Edition.” <https://publications.anl.gov/anlpubs/2019/03/150624.pdf> 

Asensio, O.I., Apablaza, C.Z., Lawson, M.C. et al.  (2022). "Impacts of micromobility on car displacement with evidence from a natural experiment and geofencing policy." Nature Energy, 7: 1100–1108. <https://www.nature.com/articles/s41560-022-01135-1> 

Austin Energy (2011). "Texas River Cities Plug-In Electric Vehicle Initiative: Regional Plan and Final Report."  <https://cleancities.energy.gov/partnerships/search?project_search=Texas%20River%20Cities%20Plug-In%20Vehicle%20Initiative#EVCR-austin> 

Barnes, N. (2020). "What is DC fast charging for electric vehicles?"  <https://pluginamerica.org/dc-fast-charging-for-electric-vehicles/> 

Barrett, J. & Bivens, J. (2021). "The stakes for workers in how policymakers manage the coming shift to all-electric vehicles."  <https://www.epi.org/publication/ev-policy-workers/> 

Baumhardt, A. (2022). "Electric highway charging stations upgraded to power electric bicycles."  <https://oregoncapitalchronicle.com/briefs/electric-highway-charging-stations-upgraded-to-power-electric-bicycles/> 

Bay Area Rapid Transit (2021). "BART Electric Vehicle Charging Policy."  <https://www.bart.gov/sites/default/files/docs/BART%20Electric%20Vehicle%20Charging%20Policy%20-%20Final.pdf> 

Bay Area Rapid Transit (n.d.). "Electric Vehicle (EV) Charging."  <https://www.bart.gov/sustainability/electricvehicle> 

Bellan, R. (2023). "Lyft wants to reshape shared micromobility with dockable e-scooter."  <https://techcrunch.com/2023/02/02/lyft-wants-to-reshape-shared-micromobility-with-dockable-e-scooter/> 

Belmore, R. (2022). "$22.37 million federal RAISE grant will enable all Newport-based transit services to be electric."  <https://whatsupnewp.com/2022/08/22-37-million-federal-raise-grant-will-enable-all-newport-based-transit-services-to-be-electric/> 

Bennett, C. & MacArthur, J. (2023). "E-Bike Incentive Programs of North America Tracker." Transportation Research and Education Center, Portland State University. <https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1C-sYcwLrQFsr8r2A6RiAP2RwGsBNwr1BKOF_HJvCsVU/edit#gid=0> 

Bikeep (n.d.). "Secure and Smart Bike Parking Station."  <https://bikeep.com/smart-bike-parking-station-book-a-demo/> 

Bosch (n.d.). "Bosch eBike Batteries."  <https://www.bosch-ebike.com/en/products/batteries> 

Bosch (n.d.). "Bosch eBike charging stations in tourism regions."  <https://www.bosch-ebike.com/en/service/powerstations> 

Boudway, I. (2022). "America’s Best-Selling Electric Vehicles Ride on Two Wheels."  <https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-01-21/u-s-e-bike-sales-outpaced-electric-cars-in-2021?leadSource=uverify%20wall> 

Brain, M. (n.d.). "How Power Grids Work." EGR 220, Engineering Circuit Theory, Smith College. <https://www.science.smith.edu/~jcardell/Courses/EGR220/ElecPwr_HSW.html> 

Brookline (2017). "Report to Annual Town Meeting 2017."  <https://www.brooklinema.gov/DocumentCenter/View/18795/Report-to-Annual-Town-Meeting-2017-v4> 

Brookline (n.d.). "Publicly Accessible Electric Vehicle Charging."  <https://www.brooklinema.gov/2500/Publicly-Accessible-Electric-Vehicle-Cha> 

Broughton, C. (2023). "Which Electric Bike Has the Longest Range? (Top 9 E-Bikes)."  <https://discerningcyclist.com/which-electric-bike-has-longest-range/> 

Brown, G. (2017). "Making Sense of Demand Charges: What Are They and How Do They Work?"  <https://www.renewableenergyworld.com/wind-power/making-sense-of-demand-charges-what-are-they-and-how-do-they-work/#gref> 

Buchholz, K. (2022). "WAVE inductive charging purpose-built for large EVs."  <https://www.sae.org/news/2022/05/wave-inductive-charging-purpose-built-for-large-evs> 

Bui, A., Slowik, P., & Lutsey, N. (2020). "Update on electric vehicle adoption across U.S. cities."  <https://theicct.org/sites/default/files/publications/EV-cities-update-aug2020.pdf> 

Bureau of Transportation Statistics (2022). "Bikeshare and E-scooter Systems in the U.S."  <https://data.bts.gov/stories/s/Bikeshare-and-e-scooters-in-the-U-S-/fwcs-jprj> 

Buy America Requirements (2019). 49 CFR Part 661.  <https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CFR-2019-title49-vol7/xml/CFR-2019-title49-vol7-part661.xml> 

CALSTART (2022). "ZETI (Zero-Emission Technology Inventory)."  <https://globaldrivetozero.org/tools/zeti/> 

Carr, E.W., Winebrake, J.J, & Winebrake, S.G. (2021). "Workforce Projections to Support Battery Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure Installation."  <https://etcommunity.org/assets/files/Workforce-ProjectionstoSupportBatteryElectricVehicleChargingInfrastructureInstallation-Final202106082.pdf> 

Center for Climate and Energy Solutions (n.d.). "Multi-State Initiatives."  <https://www.c2es.org/content/multi-state-initiatives/> 

Center for Transportation and the Environment (2021). "A Zero-Emission Transition for the U.S. Transit Fleet."  <https://cte.tv/transition-us-fleet-report/> 

CHAdeMO (n.d.). "FAQ."  <https://www.chademo.com/faq> 

Chappell, B. (2021). "5 Midwestern governors agree to create a network to charge electric vehicles."  <https://www.npr.org/2021/10/01/1041987104/midwest-electric-vehicles-charging-evs-cars> 

Chard, R., Hynes, M., Lee, B., & Schnader, J. (2023). "Zeroing in on ZEBs."  <https://calstart.org/zeroing-in-on-zebs-2023/> 

CHARGE (n.d.). "CHARGE."  <https://www.chargingusforward.com/> 

ChargePoint (2015). "Leading Retailer Partners with ChargePoint to Attract and Retain Loyal Customers."  <https://www.chargepoint.com/files/casestudies/cs-retail.pdf> 

ChargePoint (n.d.). "Become a Certified ChargePoint Installer."  <https://www.chargepoint.com/partners/commercial-installers> 

ChargePoint (n.d.). "ChargePoint Express Plus."  <https://www.chargepoint.com/businesses/dc-stations/express-plus> 

ChargePoint (n.d.). "EV Charging for Build and Install."  <https://www.chargepoint.com/solutions/build-and-install> 

ChargePoint (n.d.). "Service Products and Support."  <https://chargepoint.ent.box.com/v/Service-Support-BR-EN-US> 

ChargerHelp! (n.d.). "Workforce Development."  <https://www.chargerhelp.com/workforce-development> 

Chicago Transit Authority (2021). "CTA Unveils New Electric Buses as Part of City’s Green Initiatives."  <https://www.transitchicago.com/cta-unveils-new-electric-buses-as-part-of-citys-green-initiatives-/> 

Chicago Transit Authority (n.d.). "Electric buses."  <https://www.transitchicago.com/electricbus/> 

Citi Bike (n.d.). "Citi Bike Breaks Single Day Ridership Record During Tropical Storm Recovery."  <https://ride.citibikenyc.com/blog/citi-bike-breaks-single-day-ridership-record-during-tropical-storm-recovery> 

City and County of Denver (2019). "Amendments to the Building and Fire Code for the City and County of Denver."  <https://www.denvergov.org/files/assets/public/community-planning-and-development/documents/ds/building-codes/2019_dbc.pdf> 

City and County of Denver (2020). "Denver Electric Vehicle (EV) Action Plan."  <https://denvergov.org/files/assets/public/climate-action/documents/renewable-energy/denvervehicleelectrificationactionplan.pdf> 

City of Boston (2020). "Coming Soon: Boston's First Income-Tiered Electric Vehicle Car Share."  <https://www.boston.gov/news/coming-soon-bostons-first-income-tiered-electric-vehicle-car-share> 

City of Houston (2010). "Recommended Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure Deployment Guidelines for the Greater Houston Area."  <https://www.houstontx.gov/fleet/ev/evdeploymentguidelines.pdf> 

City of Knoxville (2022). "KAT Receives Grants for Bus Stop Improvements, Electric Charging Infrastructure."  <https://www.knoxvilletn.gov/archived_news_stories/2022/kat_receives_grants_for_bus_stop_improvements> 

City of New York (2018). "De Blasio Administration Deploys Nation’s Largest Network of Solar-Powered Electric Vehicle Chargers."  <https://www.nyc.gov/site/dcas/news/009_18/de-blasio-administration-deploys-nation-s-largest-network-solar-powered-electric-vehicle-chargers> 

City of New York (2021). "2021 Clean Fleet Update."  <https://www.nyc.gov/assets/dcas/downloads/pdf/fleet/NYC-Clean-Fleet-Update-September-2021.pdf> 

City of New York (2021). "Delivering Green: A vision for a sustainable freight network serving New York City."  <https://www.nyc.gov/html/dot/downloads/pdf/freight-vision-plan-delivering-green.pdf> 

City of New York (2023). "Mayor Adams Announces Plan to Combat Lithium-Ion Battery Fires, Promote Safe Electric Micromobility Usage."  <https://www.nyc.gov/office-of-the-mayor/news/195-23/mayor-adams-plan-combat-lithium-ion-battery-fires-promote-safe-electric-micromobility#/0> 

City of New York (2023). "Mayor Adams Announces Plan to Combat Lithium-Ion Battery Fires, Promote Safe Electric Micromobility Usage."  <https://www.nyc.gov/office-of-the-mayor/news/195-23/mayor-adams-plan-combat-lithium-ion-battery-fires-promote-safe-electric-micromobility#/0> 

City of New York (n.d.). "Curbside Level 2 Charging Project FAQ."  <https://www.nyc.gov/html/dot/downloads/pdf/curbside-level-2-charging-pilot-faq.pdf> 

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City of Orlando (n.d.). "Get a Permit for an EV Charging Station."  <https://www.orlando.gov/Building-Development/Permits-Inspections/Other/Get-a-Permit-for-an-EV-Charging-Station> 

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City of Seattle (2019). "Council Approves New Electric Vehicle Readiness Rules for Parking." Building Connections, Seattle Department of Construction & Inspections. <https://buildingconnections.seattle.gov/2019/04/30/council-approves-new-electric-vehicle-readiness-rules-for-parking/> 

City of Seattle (n.d.). "AN ORDINANCE relating to land use and zoning; amending Sections 23.22.062, 23.24.045, 23.49.019, 23.54.030, and 23.84A.010 of the Seattle Municipal Code; adding new requirements related to electric vehicle charging infrastructure." Legislative Information Center, Office of the City Clerk. <http://seattle.legistar.com/LegislationDetail.aspx?ID=3875336&GUID=A89842CC-3B4A-4C3E-B72B-D5647FED37DB> 

City of Seattle (n.d.). "Green Fleet Management."  <https://www.seattle.gov/fleet-management/green-fleet> 

Clean Cities Coalition Network (2012). "Plug-In Electric Vehicle Handbook for Fleet Managers." Vehicle Technologies Office, U.S. Department of Energy. <https://afdc.energy.gov/files/pdfs/pev_handbook.pdf> 

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Clean Cities Coalition Network (n.d.). "Coalition Contact Directory." Vehicle Technologies Office, U.S. Department of Energy. <https://cleancities.energy.gov/coalitions/contacts/> 

Clean Cities Coalition Network (n.d.). "Funded Projects." Vehicle Technologies Office, U.S. Department of Energy. <https://cleancities.energy.gov/partnerships/projects> 

Clean Cities Coalition Network (n.d.). "Project Lessons: EV Charging for Multifamily Housing." Vehicle Technologies Office, U.S. Department of Energy. <https://cleancities.energy.gov/project-lessons-multifamily-housing/> 

Clean Cities Coalition Network (n.d.). "Project Lessons: EV Mobility Hubs." Vehicle Technologies Office, U.S. Department of Energy. <https://cleancities.energy.gov/project-lessons-mobility-hubs/> 

Clean Cities Coalition Network (n.d.). "Technology Integration Program Contacts." Vehicle Technologies Office, U.S. Department of Energy. <https://cleancities.energy.gov/contacts/?open=regional#headingregionalManagers> 

CleanTechnica (2022). "School Bus Electrification: Charging Q&A."  <https://cleantechnica.com/2022/02/02/school-bus-electrification-charging-qa/> 

CleanTechnica (2022). "School Bus Electrification: Charging Q&A."  <https://cleantechnica.com/2022/02/02/school-bus-electrification-charging-qa/> 

Climate and Economic Justice Screening Tool (n.d.). "Explore the map."  <https://screeningtool.geoplatform.gov/en/#3/33.47/-97.5> 

Climate Mayors (n.d.). "Climate Mayors Electric Vehicle Purchasing Collaborative."  <https://driveevfleets.org/> 

Commonwealth of Virginia (2020). "Electric Service Territories."  <https://scc.virginia.gov/getattachment/46ad3b08-b38f-4d1d-be3b-a224e246ec7c/el_map.pdf> 

Consumer Product Safety Commission (2020). "Safety Concerns Associated with Micromobility Products."  <https://www.cpsc.gov/s3fs-public/Report-on-Micromobility-Products_FINAL-to-Commission.pdf?THHIorYXAZ.KiZnobh1o7.7.lN9nNCLo> 

Consumer Reports (2020). "Electric vehicle owners spending half as much on maintenance compared to gas-powered vehicle owners, finds new CR analysis."  <https://advocacy.consumerreports.org/press_release/electric-vehicle-owners-spending-half-as-much-on-maintenance-compared-to-gas-powered-vehicle-owners-finds-new-cr-analysis/> 

Coplon-Newfield, G. & Smith, C. (2019). "For U.S. Transit Agencies, the Future for Buses Is Electric."  <https://content.sierraclub.org/evguide/blog/2019/02/us-transit-agencies-future-buses-electric> 

Coren, M. J. (2023). "Electric vehicles can now power your home for three days."  <https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2023/02/07/ev-battery-power-your-home/> 

Culver City (n.d.). "Culver City's Electric Vehicle (EV) Infrastructure Plan."  <https://www.culvercity.org/Services/Parking-Streets-Transportation/Electric-Vehicles-Main-Page/Electric-Vehicle-Infrastructure-Plan> 

Daniels, L. & Nelder, C. (2021). "Steep Climb Ahead."  <https://rmi.org/insight/steep-climb-ahead/> 

Dickey, M.R. (2020). "How scooter charging startups want to make the industry more profitable."  <https://techcrunch.com/2020/01/17/how-scooter-charging-startups-want-to-make-the-industry-more-profitable/> 

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Dominion Energy (n.d.). "Electric School Buses."  <https://www.dominionenergy.com/virginia/save-energy/electric-school-buses> 

DRIVE Electric USA (n.d.). "Accelerating the Adoption of Electric Vehicles."  <https://www.driveelectricusa.org/> 

Duke Energy (2022). "UNC Charlotte, City of Charlotte, Centralina Regional Council, Duke Energy win prestigious Diversity, Equity and Inclusion in Cleantech Award for curbside electric vehicle charging technology."  <https://news.duke-energy.com/releases/unc-charlotte-city-of-charlotte-centralina-regional-council-duke-energy-win-prestigious-diversity-equity-and-inclusion-in-cleantech-award-for-curbside-electric-vehicle-charging-technology> 

EbikeSchool.com (n.d.). "Electric Bicycle Charging Station – Found One!"  <https://www.ebikeschool.com/first-time-spotting-electric-bicycle-charging-station/> 

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Edison Electric Institute (n.d.). "Electric Transportation."  <https://www.eei.org/issues-and-policy/electric-transportation> 

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